1993年12月

清初道員的任用及其相關問題
The Office of the Intendant: Continuity and Change within the Governmental System during the Early Ch'ing Period

研究論文 Research Article

湯熙勇
Shi-yeoung Tang

269-301

在傳統中國地方行政制度中，道的起源可溯自唐代；但是守道及巡道的名稱，則始自明代 (蕭一山，1931  :  493)。清初承龔明代之道制，但亦進行了某些調整，例如以道爲地方行政組織中的一環。有關清代道制之功能及其歷史發展過程等問題，已有數篇專論探討（李國祁，1972  ; 朱東安，1982 ; 繆全吉，1989)。本文以清初道員的任用爲中心，並兼述道員的編制調整及其功能；在時間上，以順治及康熙朝爲主。同時，從官員人事任用及道制調整的研究中，兼可瞭解清初中央和地方政府之關係，以及政局的穩定和更動等相關問題。

The intendant (taotai) had its origins in the Ming era, but became regularly established only during the Ch'ing period. The focus of this study is to provide an analysis of adjustment and change of intendant system in the early Ch'ing period, as well as to help us to understand contrasts in continuity and change of the intendant between Ming and Ch'ing governments. This study is separated into four sections. The first section, "The Adjustment of Intendant System in Ch'ing Administration and Its Fac­tors", analyses the various reasons for the Ch'ing government adjusted intendant system and the number of intendants in each provincial gov­ernment. The second section, "The Functions and Powers of Intendant", argues the various types and functions of intendants and their meanings in the early Ch'ing administrative system. The third and fourth sections, "The Appointment of Intendants", deal with the complicated methods in which intendants were appointed and the qualifications for intendants were regulated under early Ch'ing rule. The li-pu (the Board of Civil Affairs) took charge of the list of intendant's candidates and ranked those candidates according various standard of evaluation, like merits, but the real power for selection and appointment of intendants was controlled by the emperor directly. The governors-general and governors in the provincial governments could use their relations with the emperor, or stress the importance of geographical needs to influence the decision of the emperor for a particular person to the post of intendant within their administrative sphere. In the process of the appointment of intendants, it was conspicuous that li-pu struggled for its powers of ranking suitable candidates for the post of intendant against those governors-general and governors.

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