1997 / June

韋伯的「文化實在」觀念：一個“方法論＂的分析
Max Weber's Concept of "Kulturwirklichkeif" A "methodological" Analysis

研究論文 Research Article

張旺山
Wahng-shan Chang

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本文嘗試釐清韋伯所說的「方法論研究」的意義、課題與目標，並以韋伯的「文化實在」觀念爲對象，進行韋伯式的「方法論分析」。我認爲，對韋伯而言，方法論實際上是某種的「邏輯研究」：運用「邏輯學」的研究成果探討「科學」、尤其是「歷史的文化科學」的邏輯結構與邏輯本質。由於韋伯主張「文化科學」的邏輯本質乃是一種「實在科學」，是以「文化實在」爲探討對象的科學，因此我將首先說明韋伯的「實在」觀念，然後針對我認為在韋伯的「實在」觀念中與「方法論研究」關係最密切的四項特徵（即：無限性、非理性、個別性與一體關連性），逐一展開韋伯式的「方法論」的分析，然後再探討韋伯的「文化實在」觀念。本文將透過對「文化實在」觀念所做的韋伯式的「方法論」的分析，論證「韋伯並非實證主義者」；並透過由「價值關連」而產生的一些問題的分析，探討韋伯所說的「價值中立」的意義。

In this article I attempt to clarify the meaning, task and goal of Max Weber's "methodology" and based on this clarification to explore his concept of Kultur­wirklichkeit "methodologically." I am of the opinion that "methodology" means for Max Weber a kind of "logical investigation": not an investigation of logic (in the broadest sense) itself, but an investigation of the logical structure and logical nature of science, especially of the "historical Kulturwissenschaften," by means of the results modem logic has supplied. Since the logical nature of Kulturwissenschaften is a kind of Wirklichkeits-wissenschaft which deals with Kulturwirklichkeit (cultural reality), I first analyze some of the main features of reality in the way of Weberian methodology and then the concept of Kulturwirklichkeit. I argue that Max Weber is not a positivist. Finally, I explore the meaning of "Wertfreiheit" through an analysis of the problems grown out of the relation of cultural reality to value (Wertbeziehung).

韋伯, 方法論, 邏輯, 實在, 文化實在, 客觀性, 價值中立
Max Weber, Methodology, Logic, Reality, Kulturwirklichkeit, Objectivity, Wertfreiheit

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