1997 / September

多元與統一：多元主義與自由主義的一項政治議題
Pluralization and Integration: The Polemics of Pluralism and Liberalism

研究論文 Research Article

蔡英文
Ying-win Tsai

45-84

「多元分歧」與「統一整合」的論述關涉自由主義內在的一項爭議，此爭議的基本問題在於，如果我們承認自由社會的基本性格之一，乃是價值、生活方式的多元分歧，那麼，是否可能從這多元分歧中尋求某種「理性共識」，以達成政治社會的「統一整合」？針對這項問題，本文闡述約翰・羅爾斯的「交疊性共識」的政治理想，說明他所要解釋的自由社會之問題，以及解釋他鋪陳之論證；另一方面，以英國當代三位的政治思想家一艾薩・柏林、約瑟夫・雷茲與約翰・葛雷一的價值與文化多元主義的學說，反省羅爾斯的「交疊性共識」論證上的問題。在這方面，論述的焦點擺在，個人理性之運用與社群文化之限制丶「交疊性共識」與「暫訂協議」彼此的對立緊張，由此顯現自由主義內在的分歧。理性建立的任何原則如何跟區域性的、差異有別的價值與文化取得協調，在自由主義的陣營裡，乃是懸而未解的問題。

The concepts of "pluralization" and "unification" or "integration" are relevant to one of the basic polemics of liberalism: if we recognize that pluralization, whether it is concerned with values or with ways of life, constitutes a cardinal characteristic of liberal society, then is it possible to erect a certain sort of rational consensus to accomplish a social integration? Concerning this question, this essay proposes to first expound on John Rawls's political ideal of "overlapping consensus", explicates the issues he tries to resolve and the arguments he presents, and then to examine some flaws of this political ideal in terms of the radical pluralism propounded by Isaiah Berlin, Joseph Raz and John Gray. With regard to this, this essay mainly deals with the tension between the individual's practical reasoning and the limitation of a cultural society, between "overlapping consensus" and a modus vivendi. On this basis, this essay tries to explain the difficulty of conjoining universal principles of reason with cultural pluralism.

多元主義, 交疊共識, 暫訂協議
pluralism, overlapping consensus, a modus vivendi

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