2026年6月

「描述性」或者「評價性」的政治神學？論 Carl Schmitt「政治神學」的類型與問題
“Descriptive” or “Evaluative” Political Theology? On the Typology and Problems of Carl Schmitt’s “Political Theology”

一般論文 Article

黃璿元
Xuan-Yuan Huang

63-109

Carl Schmitt 的「政治神學」是 20 世紀影響深遠也備受爭議的概念。既有研究雖已察覺其多重面向，卻仍視之為融貫整體而未深究其理論張力。本文重探《政治神學》的論證結構，指出其中並存兩條相互衝突的路徑：客觀描述概念結構同一性的「描述性政治神學」，與基於特定立場與論戰意圖的「評價性政治神學」。透過將〈政治神學〉解析為四個層次的命題，本文揭示作為方法論核心的「概念社會學」陷入預設結論的循環論證，其類比操作亦逾越學科方法的形式對應。更根本的矛盾在於，Schmitt 既以「概念社會學」賦予概念「明證性」，卻又以「正當性」的消亡否定新時代的明證性，形成無法化解的雙重標準。本文主張，此爭議正源於兩種政治神學在同一論證框架中的內在矛盾。

Carl Schmitt’s “political theology” is one of the most influential and contested concepts in twentieth-century political thought. Although scholars have noted its multiple dimensions, they usually treat the theory as a coherent whole, leaving its internal tensions unexamined. This article reexamines the argumentative structure of Schmitt’s Political Theology and identifies two conflicting paths within it: a “descriptive political theology” that seeks to objectively describe the structural identity of concepts across disciplines, and an “evaluative political theology” grounded in specific standpoints and polemical intentions. Analyzing the “Political Theology” as four levels of propositions, the article demonstrates that the “sociology of concepts,” the methodological core of Schmitt’s project, falls into a circular argument that presupposes its own conclusion, and that its analogies exceed the formal correspondence of disciplinary methods. A more fundamental contradiction follows: Schmitt uses the “sociology of concepts” to grant Evidenz to political concepts, yet denies the Evidenz of the new era by declaring the disappearance of Legitimität, creating a double standard that cannot be resolved. The article argues that the enduring controversy surrounding Schmitt’s “political theology” stems precisely from the contradiction between these two political theologies within a single argumentative framework.

Carl Schmitt, 政治神學, 概念社會學, 正當性
Carl Schmitt, political theology, sociology of concepts, Legitimität

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