1998年6月

性別與貧窮—家庭內部資源分配的探討
Gender and Poverty: The Effects of the Distribution of Resources within Household on Poverty

研究論文 Research Article

李安妮
Annie Lee

161-190

本文嘗試比較兩項假設所產生之個人所得的差異，其中最重要的一點是，女性相對於男性的平均個人所得，會因假設的不同，而產生兩種不同的結果。採用共享假設 (pooling assumption) 時，因爲有不少的女性是從分享男性的所得，來增加自己的個人所得，於是整體來看，女性的平均個人所得就大幅提高，甚至超越男性的個人所得。但是若改採最少分享假設 (minimal sharing assumption) 時，個人收入是最重要的所得來源，來自分享的所得其重要性明顯的降低，女性的平均個人所得立刻滑落，遠遠低於男性的個人所得。特別是在貧窮人口的分析資料中，採取不同假設，將使女性貧窮人口數相差 100 萬人之多。若進一步根據不同的來源將所得加以分解，則發現採用不同假設時，不同所得來源對兩性總所得的貢獻，也有所差異。採用 pooling assumption 不但使女性的平均所得超過男性一些，而且可以明顯的看出，她們的所得中有相當大的比例是來自分享的所得。相反的採用 minimal sharing assumption， 不但使女性的平均所得遠遠低於男性，同時兩性所得的主要來源雖然都是來自個人收入，女性的所得則有小部份來自居住消費，和經濟規模所產生的所得。針對所得位於最低五等分位者的所得結構，所進行的分析則發現，採用 pooling assumption時，在男性貧窮人口的各項所得來源中，除了個人收入外，其他的所得來源都是負效果的；對貧窮女性而言，則除了居住消費與規模經濟外，其他所得來源都是正效果的。同時若從淨福利給付這項所得來源觀之，其對貧窮女性的重要性，遠超過對貧窮男性的重要性。值得一提的是，若以給付來源來區分淨福利給付，那麼來自政府的福利給付，對貧窮男性與貧窮女性有同等的重要性，但來自民間或私人的福利給付，對貧窮男性卻是一項負所得。

This paper attempts to analyze the effects of applying different assumptions concerning the distribution of family resources on the calculation of individual income, and on the measurement of the extent of poverty. In line with this, this paper looks at the decomposition of income sources of each member of the family and the contribution of each income source to individual income for the whole population and for the poor. Its findings of different income structures within a family could have important implications for social policy formation. By applying the pooling assumption, more women tend to have a higher proportion of income from sharing with other members of the family. This sharing further results in women having a slightly higher average income than men. Conversely, by applying the minimal sharing assumption, the importance of sharing significantly drops, which results in a decrease of women's average income and therefore an increase of 1 million female in the poor. If the decomposition of income sources is looked into, it is found that the application of different assumptions results in different degrees of importance for the income sources of men and women. By applying the pooling assumption, the main income source for men is found to be own income, and is sharing income for women. By applying the minimal sharing assumption, however, though the factor of own income is still the major source of income for both sexes, the income source of net housing consumption and consumption economy are also important sources of income for women. For the population with income under the lower quintile, applying different assumptions again results in different levels of importance for the various income sources of men and women. Using the pooling assumption, all sources of income have a negative effect on the income of poor men except the source of own income, but for poor women all sources of income have a positive effect on their income except housing consumption and consumption economies. Furthermore, if we look into the composition of own income, it shows that the income source of welfare benefits from the government has the same importance for both sexes. The income source of welfare benefits from the private sector, on the other hand, has a negative effect on men's income but a positive effect for women's.

共享假設, 最小分享假設, 個人收入, 個人實質淨所得, 個人共享等量淨所得
pooling assumption, minimal sharing assumption own income, net real income, net pooled equivalent income,

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