本文旨在探討現代國家之跨過政治民主的基本門檻之後，倘欲朝更人道之社會邁進，在社會面向及經濟面向所應承擔之改革任務，即「包容的政治」和「福祉的政治」。包容的政治關注的是使採行非主流生活方式者的權利能獲得承認及保障，而其關鍵則在於釐清民主社會所仰賴的數量優勢原則的適用範圍與界限。福祉的政治則著眼於經濟福祉的更普遍的分享，並強調一定程度的制度化的利他主義是緩解及修正市場機制之弊端的關鍵，亦是節制做為一種社會德性在經濟面向上之必要的體現。而包容的政治和福祉的政治之目標，即在於協助人類朝「人道的時代」邁進。

Crossing the threshold of political democracy is undoubtedly an achievement for any modern society. But a society still has to face knotty and multifarious problems if it aims to attain more humanitarian social goals. And the missions ahead can be accomplished only through political means whose legitimacy and desirability must be defended by political arguments. This essay focuses on two such missions, i.e. politics of inclusion and politics of well-being, to probe into respectively the social and economic aspects that obstruct humanitarian advancement. Politics of inclusion asserts that the rights of those who practice non-mainstream ways of life are necessary consequences of the recognition and inclusion of difference. And the politics of well-being proposes a more universal sharing of economic welfare in order to reverse the inequality that contemporary capitalism has pitilessly brought about. In brief, democracy cannot achieve humanitarian goals without the politics of inclusion and politics of well-being.